Can Current Innovations in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies Transform Gastroesophageal Cancer Care?

Abstract

Gastric and esophageal cancers pose major global health challenges due to high incidence, frequent late-stage diagnosis, and poor survival outcomes. This review synthesized current evidence on emerging technologies and innovative approaches shaping research and practice. We included studies that evaluated diagnostic imaging, endoscopic and surgical treatments, molecular biomarkers, staging, screening, and innovative therapeutic approaches in gastric and esophageal cancers. The review revealed notable demographic and geographic disparities in disease incidence and outcomes. Recent advancements in endoscopic techniques, imaging modalities, and staging systems have enhanced early detection and prognostic stratification. Intriguing findings include significant improvements in survival with HER2-targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies, the ability of liquid biopsy to detect resistance mutations and monitor treatment efficacy in real time, and the use of patient-derived organoids to predict individualized responses. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) applications have reduced diagnostic variability, thereby refining therapeutic decision-making. Despite promising innovations, further validation of these emerging technologies is required. Integrating advanced imaging, biomarker-based treatments, and AI-driven tools into clinical practice holds the potential to optimize treatment strategies and improve survival outcomes in gastroesophageal cancers.